- 把 be 动词当动词看，句子就只剩两种状态：简单式与完成式
- 简单式是以括弧型的时间来表达
- 完成式是以箭头型的时间来表达
- be 动词后面的分词当做形容词补语。现在分词有正在进行的意思，过去分词有被动的意思
简单式
过去时间 (Ved, was, was+Ving, was+Ved)
- The U.S established diplomatic relations with P.R.c. in 1979
-------------(----------)--------------x------------->
in 1979 now
- The movable print was introduced to England in 1485
------------(-----------)-----------x------------->
in 1485 now
- I was visiting clients the whole day yesterday
-------------(--------------------------)-------x------->
the whole day yesterday now
现在时间(V, is, is+Ving, is+Ved)
- Bush is the U.S. President.
------------(-----x-----)---------------->
now
- All mothers love their children.
(--------------------x---------------->)
now
天下的妈妈没有不爱小孩的，古今皆然
- 7-ELEVEN is selling big cokes at a discount this month
-------------(-------x--------)--------->
now
- According to the NASA survey, the ozone layer is being depleted.
-----------(-------x-------)---------->
now
未来时间(will+V, will+be+Ving, will+be+Ved)
- There will be a major election in March
---------x-----------(----------)--------->
now in March
- Don’t call me at six tomorrow. I’ll still be sleeping then
--------x-----------(-----)-------------->
now then: at six tomorrow
- the building will be razed next month.
--------x---------(---------------)--------->
now next month
完成时间
现在时间(has/have+Ved, has/have+been+Ving, has/have+been+Ved)
- I’m sure I have seen this face somewhere
have seen ------------
|
----------------------------x----------->
now
- We have been working overtime for a wwek to fill your order.
have been ------------
|
----------------------------x----------->
for a week now
- The house has been redecorated twice since they moved in.
--- has been------------
| |
---x------------------------x----------->
moved in now
语气重点是“算到现在是多久”
过去时间(had+Ved, had+been+Ving, had+been+Ved)
- Many soldiers had died from pnenumonia before the discovery of penicillin
had died ------------
|
----------------------------x-------------------x------>
discovery now
- I had been smoking three packs of cigrettes a day before I decided to quit.
had been ------------
|
----------------------------x-------------------x------>
dicided now
- Japan had not been defeated yet by the time Germany surrendered unconditionally
had not been ------------
|
----------------------------x-------------------x------>
surrendered now
未来时间(will+have+Ved, will+have+been+Ving, will+have+been+Ved)
- Next April, I will have worked here for 20 years
will have worked
-----------x---------------(---------)----------------->
now next April
--------------------------------|
for 20 years
- Come back at 5:00. Your car will have been fixed by then
will have been
-----------x---------------(---------)----------------->
now 5:00
--------------------------------|
by then
- In two more minutes, she will have been talking on the phone for three hours!
will have been
-----------x---------------(---------)----------------->
now in 2 minutes
--------------------------------|
for 3 hours