核心理念

1. Be 动词也是动词: 只要把 be 动词看作普通动词，句子就只剩两种状态：简单式与完成式。
2. 简单式 (Simple): 用括弧型 ( ) 的时间段来表达（过去、现在、未来）。
3. 完成式 (Perfect): 用箭头型 -> 的时间流来表达（截止到某时）。
4. 分词角色: BE 动词后面的分词（V-ing / V-ed）其实是形容词补语。
   • V-ing: 正在进行（主动/状态）。
   • V-ed: 已经完成（被动/状态）。

1. 简单式 (Simple Tenses)

过去时间 (Past)

• Form: Ved / was / were
• Concept: 过去发生的事，现在已经结束。
• Timeline: .....( in 1979 ).....|now
• Example:
  • The U.S established diplomatic relations with P.R.C. in 1979. (建立外交关系)
  • I was a student. (Not anymore)

现在时间 (Present)

• Form: V / Vs / am / is / are
• Concept: 事实、真理、习惯。包含过去、现在和未来。
• Timeline: ( --- fact --- ) includes now
• Example:
  • The sun rises in the east. (真理)
  • I play tennis every weekend. (习惯)

未来时间 (Future)

• Form: will + V
• Concept: 将要发生。
• Example:
  • I will call you tomorrow.

2. 完成式 (Perfect Tenses)

• Form: have/has/had + Vpp (past participle)
• Concept: “Before and up to…” (在…之前，直到…)

现在完成式 (Present Perfect)

• Form: have/has + Vpp
• Concept: 截止到现在为止的经验、结果或持续动作。
• Timeline: ---------->|now
• Example:
  • I have been to Japan twice. (截止现在的经验)
  • She has lived here for 10 years. (持续到现在)

过去完成式 (Past Perfect)

• Form: had + Vpp
• Concept: “过去的过去”。截止到过去某个时间点。
• Timeline: ---->|past .....|now
• Example:
  • When I arrived at the station, the train had left. (火车开走在先，我到达在后)

3. 进行时的本质

所谓的“进行时” (Simple Continuous) 其实是 Be动词 + 现在分词(adj)。

• I am reading. = I am (in the state of) reading.
• I was reading.

4. 被动语态的本质

所谓的“被动语态” 其实是 Be动词 + 过去分词(adj)。

• The window is broken. = The window is (in the state of being) broken.
• The house was built in 1990.

• The movable print was introduced to England in 1485

    ------------(-----------)-----------x------------->
                    in 1485            now

• I was visiting clients the whole day yesterday

    -------------(--------------------------)-------x------->
                  the whole day yesterday           now

现在时间(V, is, is+Ving, is+Ved)

• Bush is the U.S. President.

    ------------(-----x-----)---------------->
                    now

• All mothers love their children.

    (--------------------x---------------->)
                        now
    天下的妈妈没有不爱小孩的，古今皆然

• 7-ELEVEN is selling big cokes at a discount this month

    -------------(-------x--------)--------->
                        now

• According to the NASA survey, the ozone layer is being depleted.

    -----------(-------x-------)---------->
                      now

未来时间(will+V, will+be+Ving, will+be+Ved)

• There will be a major election in March

    ---------x-----------(----------)--------->
            now             in March

• Don’t call me at six tomorrow. I’ll still be sleeping then

    --------x-----------(-----)-------------->
           now            then: at six tomorrow

• the building will be razed next month.

    --------x---------(---------------)--------->
           now          next month

完成时间

现在时间(has/have+Ved, has/have+been+Ving, has/have+been+Ved)

• I’m sure I have seen this face somewhere

         have seen  ------------
                                |
    ----------------------------x----------->
                               now

• We have been working overtime for a wwek to fill your order.

         have been  ------------
                                |
    ----------------------------x----------->
        for a week             now

• The house has been redecorated twice since they moved in.

        --- has been------------
       |                        |
    ---x------------------------x----------->
      moved in                 now
    语气重点是“算到现在是多久”

过去时间(had+Ved, had+been+Ving, had+been+Ved)

• Many soldiers had died from pnenumonia before the discovery of penicillin

         had died  ------------
                                |
    ----------------------------x-------------------x------>
                             discovery             now

• I had been smoking three packs of cigrettes a day before I decided to quit.

         had been  ------------
                                |
    ----------------------------x-------------------x------>
                             dicided               now

• Japan had not been defeated yet by the time Germany surrendered unconditionally

      had not been  ------------
                                |
    ----------------------------x-------------------x------>
                             surrendered           now

未来时间(will+have+Ved, will+have+been+Ving, will+have+been+Ved)

• Next April, I will have worked here for 20 years

                              will have worked
    -----------x---------------(---------)----------------->
              now               next April
    --------------------------------|
                               for 20 years

• Come back at 5:00. Your car will have been fixed by then

                              will have been
    -----------x---------------(---------)----------------->
              now                 5:00
    --------------------------------|
                    by then

• In two more minutes, she will have been talking on the phone for three hours!

                              will have been
    -----------x---------------(---------)----------------->
              now               in 2 minutes
    --------------------------------|
                    for 3 hours